Modern History Playlist
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Advent of Europeans in India
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Decline of the Mughal Empire
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Emergence of Regional States
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Expansion and Consolidation of British Power
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British Government & Economic Policies (1757–1857)
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Social Reform Movements
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7
People’s Resistance before 1857
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The revolt of 1857
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Growth of Nationalism and Moderate Phase of Congress
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British Administration in India
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Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)
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12
First Phase of Revolutionary Activities(1907-1917)
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13
India’s Response to First World War and Home Rule Movement
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14
Emergence of Gandhi
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15
Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement
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Emergence of Swarajists, Socialist Ideas, Revolutionary Activities
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Struggle For Swaraj: 1928-1935
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Period from 1935-42
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Period from 1942-47
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Chapter 15: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement
Chapter Test7 topics•Estimated reading: 21 minutes
Background of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement (1919–1920)
Key Point
The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements arose from widespread discontent against British betrayal after World War I. The Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms caused anger among Indians, while the dismemberment of the Ottoman Caliphate outraged Muslims. Gandhi merged the Khilafat issue with Non-Cooperation, creating the first mass pan-Indian struggle under his leadership.
The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements arose from widespread discontent against British betrayal after World War I. The Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms caused anger among Indians, while the dismemberment of the Ottoman Caliphate outraged Muslims. Gandhi merged the Khilafat issue with Non-Cooperation, creating the first mass pan-Indian struggle under his leadership.
Detailed Notes (10 points)
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Rowlatt Act (1919): Introduced draconian powers of detention without trial; provoked Gandhi’s first nationwide satyagraha.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): General Dyer’s brutal firing on peaceful gathering in Amritsar destroyed faith in British justice.
Hunter Committee’s Whitewash: Failure to punish Dyer and exoneration of officials deepened nationalist anger.
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms / Government of India Act (1919): Disappointed nationalists with limited reforms, dyarchy, and extension of separate electorates.
Economic Hardship: Post-WWI inflation, high prices, food shortages, and rising unemployment increased discontent among peasants and workers.
Disappointment after WWI: Indian leaders had supported British war efforts expecting self-government, but promises were betrayed.
Khilafat Issue (1919): Harsh Treaty of Sevres (1920) against Ottoman Empire, removal of Caliph’s authority angered Muslims worldwide.
Khilafat Committee (1919): Formed under Ali brothers (Mohammad Ali, Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, to protect Caliphate.
Gandhi’s Strategy: Saw an opportunity for Hindu-Muslim unity by supporting Khilafat demands, merging it with Non-Cooperation.
Nagpur Session of Congress (December 1920): Congress adopted Non-Cooperation Programme, formally aligning with Khilafat leaders.
Events Leading to Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement
| Event | Year | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Rowlatt Act | 1919 | Sparked Gandhi’s first satyagraha; civil liberties curtailed |
| Jallianwala Bagh Massacre | 1919 | Destroyed trust in British justice; mass outrage |
| Hunter Committee | 1919 | Whitewashed British responsibility; deepened anger |
| Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms | 1919 | Disappointing reforms; extended communal electorates |
| Treaty of Sevres / Khilafat Issue | 1920 | Angered Muslims; sparked pan-Islamic protests |
| Formation of Khilafat Committee | 1919 | Mobilized Indian Muslims; joined hands with Gandhi |
| Nagpur Session of Congress | 1920 | Adopted Non-Cooperation; merged with Khilafat cause |
Fun Facts
Mahatma Gandhi initially hesitated to lead Khilafat agitation but later saw it as a chance for Hindu-Muslim unity.
Ali brothers became iconic leaders of the Khilafat cause, inspiring massive Muslim participation.
The Nagpur session also reorganized Congress on provincial linguistic basis, increasing grassroots reach.
Mains Key Points
Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh, and disappointment with reforms created political discontent.
Khilafat grievance gave Gandhi a chance to unite Hindus and Muslims.
The merger of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation turned nationalism into a mass movement.
This phase marked the beginning of Gandhi’s dominance and mass-based struggle in India.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Rowlatt Act & Jallianwala Bagh were immediate political triggers.
Khilafat issue arose due to dismemberment of Ottoman Empire.
Nagpur Session (1920) → Congress adopted Non-Cooperation.
Movement marked first Hindu-Muslim joint struggle under Gandhi.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922): Course and Impact
Key Point
The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched in 1920, was the first mass nationwide struggle under Gandhi’s leadership. It began with boycotts of foreign goods, schools, and titles, expanded to peasants, workers, women, and students, and fostered Hindu-Muslim unity. However, it was abruptly withdrawn in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident, but it marked a turning point in Indian nationalism.
The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched in 1920, was the first mass nationwide struggle under Gandhi’s leadership. It began with boycotts of foreign goods, schools, and titles, expanded to peasants, workers, women, and students, and fostered Hindu-Muslim unity. However, it was abruptly withdrawn in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident, but it marked a turning point in Indian nationalism.
Detailed Notes (10 points)
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Launch (Nagpur Session, Dec 1920): Congress formally adopted the Non-Cooperation Movement, aligning with Khilafat leaders.
Initial Phase (1920): Boycott of schools, colleges, law courts, foreign cloth, and titles like 'Sir' and 'Kaiser-i-Hind'.
Expansion (1921): Students left schools to join national institutions like Jamia Millia Islamia; lawyers like C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad gave up practice.
Mass Participation: Peasants in Awadh (under Baba Ramchandra), workers in Assam tea plantations, and tribal movements like Eka movement joined the agitation.
Women’s Role: Women picketed liquor shops and foreign cloth stores in large numbers for the first time.
Economic Dimension: Bonfires of foreign cloth organized; Khadi and swadeshi industries promoted.
Hindu-Muslim Unity: Joint participation due to merger with Khilafat issue; Ali brothers played key role.
Government Repression: Arrest of leaders (including Gandhi later in 1922), police violence, and strict censorship.
Chauri Chaura Incident (Feb 1922): In Gorakhpur district (UP), protestors clashed with police; 22 policemen were killed. Gandhi, distressed by the violence, suspended the movement.
Outcome: Though short-lived, it created unprecedented political awakening, spread nationalist ideas to villages, and made Gandhi the supreme leader of Indian politics.
Timeline of the Non-Cooperation Movement
| Year | Event | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 1920 | Nagpur Congress Session | Non-Cooperation adopted, Gandhi emerges as leader |
| 1920–21 | Boycott Campaign | Schools, colleges, courts, titles, and foreign cloth boycotted |
| 1921 | Mass Participation | Peasants, workers, students, and women joined movement |
| 1921 | Hindu-Muslim Unity | Merger with Khilafat strengthened base |
| 1922 | Chauri Chaura Incident | Violence led Gandhi to withdraw the movement |
Fun Facts
Jamia Millia Islamia (1920) was established in response to the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements.
Women from middle-class families, like Basanti Devi (wife of C.R. Das), actively picketed shops.
The Congress party membership swelled to over 2 million during this movement.
Mains Key Points
The Non-Cooperation Movement spread nationalism to villages and common people, not just elites.
It marked the first large-scale use of non-violent methods under Gandhi’s leadership.
Its withdrawal highlighted Gandhi’s uncompromising commitment to non-violence.
Despite its abrupt end, it created political awakening and mass mobilization, laying groundwork for future struggles.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Nagpur Session (1920) → Congress adopted Non-Cooperation.
Lawyers like C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru gave up practice.
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922) → Gandhi suspended the movement.
First mass nationwide struggle under Gandhi’s leadership.
Local Struggles During the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement
Key Point
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement (1920–22) was not limited to urban elites but spread into villages and local communities. Peasants, tribals, and workers launched localized struggles against colonial exploitation, often combining nationalist slogans with their socio-economic demands.
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement (1920–22) was not limited to urban elites but spread into villages and local communities. Peasants, tribals, and workers launched localized struggles against colonial exploitation, often combining nationalist slogans with their socio-economic demands.
Detailed Notes (7 points)
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Awadh (United Provinces): Peasants under Baba Ramchandra demanded reduction of rents and abolition of begar (forced labour). Congress leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Kisan Sabhas linked peasant struggles with Non-Cooperation.
Malabar (Kerala): The Moplah uprising (1921) involved Muslim tenants against oppressive landlords and British officials. Initially part of Khilafat agitation, it later turned violent and communal.
Assam: Tea plantation workers struck work demanding better wages and conditions. Many tried to leave plantations and join the movement but faced severe repression.
Andhra Pradesh: The forest satyagrahas involved peasants and tribals opposing British restrictions on grazing, forest produce, and wood cutting.
Punjab: Sikh Akali movement fought to reform Gurudwara management by removing corrupt mahants backed by the British.
Bihar: Indigo cultivators and peasants linked their economic grievances with the call for Non-Cooperation.
Gorakhpur (UP): Peasant unrest culminated in the Chauri Chaura incident (1922), where violence led Gandhi to withdraw the movement.
Major Local Struggles (1920–22)
| Region | Leader/Group | Nature of Struggle |
|---|---|---|
| Awadh (UP) | Baba Ramchandra, Kisan Sabhas | Anti-rent, anti-begar peasant struggle |
| Malabar (Kerala) | Moplah peasants | Tenant uprising; violent, communal turn |
| Assam | Tea plantation workers | Strikes against low wages, poor conditions |
| Andhra Pradesh | Peasants & tribals | Forest satyagraha against restrictions |
| Punjab | Akali Sikhs | Gurudwara reform movement |
| Bihar | Indigo cultivators | Peasant economic grievances tied to Non-Cooperation |
| Gorakhpur (UP) | Local peasants | Chauri Chaura violence; led to withdrawal of movement |
Fun Facts
In Awadh, peasants often carried Gandhi’s name on flags during their marches.
The Akali reformers introduced democratic management in Sikh Gurudwaras, replacing hereditary mahants.
Moplah rebels declared local 'Khilafat kingdoms' before being brutally suppressed by British troops.
Mains Key Points
Local struggles connected nationalist politics with everyday economic grievances of peasants, workers, and tribals.
They widened the social base of the national movement beyond urban elites.
Some struggles, like Moplah rebellion and Chauri Chaura, showed challenges of controlling mass movements within Gandhian non-violence.
These localized agitations demonstrated that freedom struggle had penetrated rural India by early 1920s.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Baba Ramchandra → Peasant leader in Awadh during Non-Cooperation.
Moplah Rebellion (1921) → Malabar, Kerala; linked to Khilafat, later turned violent.
Akali Movement → Gurudwara reform struggle in Punjab.
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922) → Immediate cause of withdrawal of Non-Cooperation.
Moplah (Malabar) Uprising, 1921
Key Point
The Moplah Uprising of 1921 in Malabar, Kerala, was a violent rebellion by Muslim tenants against oppressive landlords and British authorities. Initially connected to the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, it soon turned communal and violent, leading to mass casualties and brutal suppression by the British.
The Moplah Uprising of 1921 in Malabar, Kerala, was a violent rebellion by Muslim tenants against oppressive landlords and British authorities. Initially connected to the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement, it soon turned communal and violent, leading to mass casualties and brutal suppression by the British.
Detailed Notes (8 points)
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Background: Moplahs were Muslim tenants in Malabar under Hindu zamindars; faced high rents, illegal levies, and eviction threats.
Link to Khilafat: Leaders mobilized peasants under the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation banners, mixing agrarian grievances with religious sentiment.
Outbreak (August 1921): Sparked by police action against Khilafat meetings; quickly escalated into large-scale violence.
Nature of Uprising: Moplah rebels attacked landlords, police stations, government offices; violence also turned against Hindus in some areas, causing communal rifts.
British Response: Martial law declared; British repression was extremely brutal with mass killings, deportations, and torture (notably Wagon Tragedy, 1921).
Casualties: Around 10,000 Moplahs killed, thousands imprisoned or deported.
Nationalist Response: Congress and Khilafat leaders initially sympathized but later distanced themselves due to communal violence.
Legacy: Exposed tension between peasant struggles and Gandhian non-violence; highlighted dangers of communal polarization in nationalist politics.
Key Facts about Moplah Uprising (1921)
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Region | Malabar, Kerala |
| Participants | Moplah Muslim tenants (peasants) |
| Causes | High rents, exploitation by landlords, Khilafat sentiment |
| Trigger | Police crackdown on Khilafat meetings (Aug 1921) |
| Nature | Peasant uprising, later turned communal and violent |
| British Response | Martial law, brutal repression, Wagon Tragedy |
| Casualties | Around 10,000 killed; thousands imprisoned or deported |
| Outcome | Weakened Khilafat; exposed limits of Non-Cooperation |
Fun Facts
The 'Wagon Tragedy' occurred when over 60 Moplah prisoners suffocated to death in a closed railway wagon while being transported.
The rebellion lasted for several months and required deployment of British army regiments for suppression.
Moplah ballads (Mappila Pattu) later memorialized the rebellion in local folklore.
Mains Key Points
The Moplah uprising demonstrated how local agrarian grievances merged with larger nationalist and Khilafat struggles.
It revealed the volatility of mass movements when economic and religious grievances combined.
The violent and communal turn alienated Congress and Gandhi, who emphasized non-violence.
Its brutal suppression highlighted the colonial state’s ruthlessness and deepened rural resentment.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Moplah Uprising → Malabar, Kerala (1921).
Linked to Khilafat and agrarian discontent.
Suppressed brutally; Wagon Tragedy a key event.
Initially part of Non-Cooperation but later condemned due to communal violence.
Awadh Kisan Movement (1920) and Eka Movement (1921)
Key Point
The peasant struggles in Awadh and Eka (United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh) were significant local movements during the Non-Cooperation period. While the Awadh Kisan Movement under Baba Ramchandra demanded fair rents and abolition of forced labour, the Eka Movement under Madari Pasi highlighted resentment against landlords and moneylenders. Both linked rural discontent with the wider nationalist struggle.
The peasant struggles in Awadh and Eka (United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh) were significant local movements during the Non-Cooperation period. While the Awadh Kisan Movement under Baba Ramchandra demanded fair rents and abolition of forced labour, the Eka Movement under Madari Pasi highlighted resentment against landlords and moneylenders. Both linked rural discontent with the wider nationalist struggle.
Detailed Notes (14 points)
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Awadh Kisan Movement (1920):
• Leader: Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who worked closely with peasants.
• Issues: High rents, illegal cesses, excessive demands by taluqdars (landlords), and forced labour (begar).
• Nature: Peasants carried Gandhi’s name on flags; supported Non-Cooperation and Khilafat.
• Congress Involvement: Jawaharlal Nehru and Kisan Sabhas linked peasants with Congress programs.
• Methods: Peaceful rallies, refusal to do begar, withholding of rents.
• Outcome: Strengthened Congress’ rural base but often faced repression.
Eka Movement (1921):
• Leader: Madari Pasi, supported by small zamindars and lower-caste peasants.
• Issues: Resentment against oppressive landlords, moneylenders, and colonial officials.
• Oath of Eka: Peasants swore unity (eka) at village meetings, pledging to resist unjust demands, pay only recorded rent, and oppose eviction.
• Spread: Movement spread to districts like Hardoi, Bahraich, and Sitapur.
• Difference from Awadh Movement: Less directly linked to Congress; more radical and militant in nature.
• Outcome: British repression crushed the movement by 1922, but it reflected growing peasant militancy.
Comparison: Awadh Kisan Movement vs Eka Movement
| Aspect | Awadh Kisan Movement (1920) | Eka Movement (1921) |
|---|---|---|
| Leader | Baba Ramchandra | Madari Pasi |
| Issues | High rents, begar, taluqdars’ oppression | Oppressive landlords, moneylenders, colonial officials |
| Connection with Congress | Strong, linked with Nehru and Kisan Sabhas | Weak, more independent and militant |
| Methods | Peaceful rallies, rent withholding, no begar | Oath of unity, refusal to pay extra rent, village-level mobilization |
| Outcome | Strengthened Congress rural base, faced repression | Suppressed by 1922, but reflected militant peasant consciousness |
Fun Facts
In Awadh, peasants carried Gandhi’s name on green flags in processions.
Eka meetings often began with recitations from Ramayana and Quran, symbolizing unity.
Madari Pasi, leader of Eka, came from a lower-caste background, showing peasant movements cut across caste barriers.
Mains Key Points
Both movements reflected peasant dissatisfaction with colonial agrarian policies and landlord oppression.
Awadh movement was closely linked with Congress, while Eka was more autonomous and militant.
They expanded the rural base of the nationalist movement, connecting village struggles with anti-colonial politics.
Their suppression reflected the limits of Congress’ control over localized peasant militancy.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Awadh Kisan Movement (1920) → Baba Ramchandra, no-begar, anti-rent struggle.
Eka Movement (1921) → Madari Pasi, oath of unity, refusal to pay unjust rent.
Both reflected peasant assertion during Non-Cooperation era.
Last Phase of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1921–1922)
Key Point
The final phase of the Non-Cooperation Movement saw heightened mass participation, increasing repression, and growing tension over non-violence. The Nagpur and Ahmedabad Congress Sessions consolidated the program, but the Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922 forced Gandhi to abruptly withdraw the movement, formalized through the Bardoli Resolution.
The final phase of the Non-Cooperation Movement saw heightened mass participation, increasing repression, and growing tension over non-violence. The Nagpur and Ahmedabad Congress Sessions consolidated the program, but the Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922 forced Gandhi to abruptly withdraw the movement, formalized through the Bardoli Resolution.
Detailed Notes (19 points)
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Congress Sessions, 1921:
• Nagpur Session (Dec 1920): Congress adopted Non-Cooperation, reorganized on linguistic basis, opened to peasants and workers.
• Ahmedabad Session (Dec 1921): Ratified Gandhi’s leadership; urged complete boycott of foreign cloth, schools, councils, and adoption of Khadi.
Rising Mass Participation (1921):
• Students left schools and colleges in thousands to join national institutions like Jamia Millia Islamia.
• Lawyers like C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and Rajendra Prasad gave up their practice.
• Peasants, tribals, workers, and women joined in boycotts, strikes, and picketing.
Chauri Chaura Incident (Feb 1922):
• Location: Gorakhpur district, United Provinces (UP).
• Event: Protestors clashed with police; in retaliation they set fire to the police station, killing 22 policemen.
• Gandhi’s Response: Deeply distressed by violence, Gandhi immediately suspended the movement.
Bardoli Resolution (Feb 1922):
• Congress Working Committee met at Bardoli, Gujarat, to endorse Gandhi’s decision.
• Resolution formally suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• It reaffirmed Congress’ commitment to non-violence and constructive work like promotion of Khadi, Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of untouchability, and national education.
Impact:
• Many leaders like C.R. Das and Subhas Bose opposed withdrawal, calling it premature.
• The suspension disheartened some sections but preserved Gandhi’s moral authority and commitment to non-violence.
• Marked the end of the first nationwide mass struggle, laying the foundation for future Gandhian movements.
Key Events in Last Phase of Non-Cooperation Movement
| Event | Year | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Nagpur Session | 1920 | Adoption of Non-Cooperation, reorganization of Congress |
| Ahmedabad Session | 1921 | Strengthened boycott, ratified Gandhi’s leadership |
| Chauri Chaura Incident | 1922 | Violence led to suspension of movement |
| Bardoli Resolution | 1922 | Congress formally withdrew Non-Cooperation, reaffirmed non-violence |
Fun Facts
The Bardoli Resolution emphasized constructive work like spinning khadi and social reform over active protest after withdrawal.
Chauri Chaura became a symbol of the challenges in maintaining strict non-violence in mass movements.
Though the movement ended, Congress membership had swelled to nearly 20 lakh people.
Mains Key Points
The Chauri Chaura incident exposed the difficulty of controlling mass movements within the framework of strict non-violence.
The Bardoli Resolution reflected Gandhi’s moral authority and commitment to non-violence over political expediency.
Though withdrawn, the movement transformed Indian politics by involving peasants, workers, students, and women.
Marked Gandhi’s consolidation as the undisputed leader of the national movement.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922) → 22 policemen killed; Gandhi withdrew movement.
Bardoli Resolution (1922) → Formal suspension of Non-Cooperation.
Nagpur Session (1920) → Adopted Non-Cooperation and restructured Congress.
Ahmedabad Session (1921) → Intensified boycott, reaffirmed Gandhi’s leadership.
People’s Response and Evaluation of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement (1920–1922)
Key Point
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement evoked unprecedented nationwide participation, bringing peasants, workers, women, and students into the nationalist struggle. Despite its abrupt end, it transformed Indian politics into a mass movement, strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity temporarily, and established Gandhi as the supreme leader. However, it also revealed organizational weaknesses, communal tensions, and the challenges of sustaining non-violent mass struggles.
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement evoked unprecedented nationwide participation, bringing peasants, workers, women, and students into the nationalist struggle. Despite its abrupt end, it transformed Indian politics into a mass movement, strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity temporarily, and established Gandhi as the supreme leader. However, it also revealed organizational weaknesses, communal tensions, and the challenges of sustaining non-violent mass struggles.
Detailed Notes (9 points)
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Peasants: Actively participated, especially in Awadh (Baba Ramchandra) and Bihar; linked anti-rent struggles with Non-Cooperation.
Workers: Strikes in Assam tea plantations, Bombay textile mills, railway workshops; demands combined with nationalist slogans.
Students: Left government schools and colleges in thousands; enrolled in national institutions like Jamia Millia Islamia, Kashi Vidyapeeth.
Women: Urban middle-class women joined picketing of liquor shops and foreign cloth stores; leaders like Basanti Devi (wife of C.R. Das) inspired participation.
Muslims: Actively joined under Khilafat leadership (Ali brothers, Maulana Azad), strengthening Hindu-Muslim unity.
Businessmen: Supported swadeshi by investing in Indian industries, banks, insurance companies.
Nationalist Leaders: Lawyers like C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and Rajendra Prasad gave up legal practice.
Repression: British arrested leaders, censored press, and used brutal force against protests.
Withdrawal: Chauri Chaura incident (1922) forced Gandhi to suspend the movement, leading to disappointment among radicals.
Evaluation of Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement
| Aspect | Evaluation |
|---|---|
| Mass Participation | For the first time, peasants, workers, women, students joined in large numbers |
| Hindu-Muslim Unity | Strengthened during Khilafat, but temporary |
| Economic Impact | Boost to swadeshi industries, khadi, national institutions |
| Leadership | Established Gandhi as the undisputed leader of Indian nationalism |
| Organizational Weakness | Lack of sustained planning; no parallel institutions created |
| Communal Tensions | Moplah Rebellion (1921) highlighted dangers of communal violence |
| End of Movement | Withdrawal after Chauri Chaura disappointed radicals like Subhas Bose and C.R. Das |
| Legacy | Laid foundation for future mass movements like Civil Disobedience |
Fun Facts
Jamia Millia Islamia and Kashi Vidyapeeth were established as national institutions during the movement.
Foreign cloth worth over ₹90 crore was boycotted and burnt in bonfires across India.
Congress membership rose to around 20 lakh during the movement.
Mains Key Points
The movement successfully transformed Indian nationalism into a mass-based struggle.
It temporarily united Hindus and Muslims on a common platform through Khilafat.
However, organizational weaknesses and communal tensions limited its effectiveness.
Withdrawal after Chauri Chaura disappointed many, but preserved the non-violent character of Gandhian struggle.
Despite short duration, it laid the foundation for future movements like Civil Disobedience and Quit India.
Prelims Strategy Tips
First nationwide mass struggle under Gandhi’s leadership.
Non-Cooperation merged with Khilafat → Hindu-Muslim unity.
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922) led to suspension.
Established Gandhi’s supremacy in national politics.
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