Modern History Playlist
19 chapters • 0 completed
1
Advent of Europeans in India
9 topics
2
Decline of the Mughal Empire
7 topics
3
Emergence of Regional States
11 topics
4
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power
19 topics
5
British Government & Economic Policies (1757–1857)
4 topics
6
Social Reform Movements
20 topics
7
People’s Resistance before 1857
3 topics
8
The revolt of 1857
6 topics
9
Growth of Nationalism and Moderate Phase of Congress
6 topics
10
British Administration in India
7 topics
11
Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909)
5 topics
12
First Phase of Revolutionary Activities(1907-1917)
8 topics
13
India’s Response to First World War and Home Rule Movement
4 topics
14
Emergence of Gandhi
6 topics
15
Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement
7 topics
16
Emergence of Swarajists, Socialist Ideas, Revolutionary Activities
5 topics
17
Struggle For Swaraj: 1928-1935
13 topics
18
Period from 1935-42
9 topics
19
Period from 1942-47
22 topics
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Chapter 17: Struggle For Swaraj: 1928-1935
Chapter Test13 topics•Estimated reading: 39 minutes
Simon Commission Report (1927–1930)
Key Point
The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927, was boycotted by most Indian political parties because it had no Indian members. Despite opposition, the Commission submitted its report in 1930, recommending constitutional reforms. Its proposals were criticized by nationalists for being too conservative, but they became the basis for future constitutional developments.
The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927, was boycotted by most Indian political parties because it had no Indian members. Despite opposition, the Commission submitted its report in 1930, recommending constitutional reforms. Its proposals were criticized by nationalists for being too conservative, but they became the basis for future constitutional developments.
Detailed Notes (19 points)
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Background:
• The Government of India Act, 1919 had promised a review after 10 years.
• British government appointed the Simon Commission (1927) two years early, consisting of 7 members—all British MPs, chaired by Sir John Simon.
• Indian parties including Congress and Muslim League boycotted it; protests spread across India with the slogan 'Simon Go Back'.
Simon Commission Report (1930):
• Rejected the demand for Dominion Status.
• Recommended the abolition of dyarchy in provinces and introduction of provincial autonomy.
• Proposed that governors retain special powers (veto, emergency powers).
• Suggested extension of franchise (more people could vote).
• Supported separate communal electorates for minorities (Muslims, Sikhs, Christians).
• Suggested setting up of a Federal Assembly with provinces and princely states represented.
• No clear plan for central self-government; the center to remain under British control.
Views of Different Sections:
• Congress: Outright rejection; demanded Dominion Status and called report reactionary.
• Muslim League (Jinnah faction): Criticized for not safeguarding Muslim interests enough.
• Muslim League (Shafi faction): Welcomed it, as it continued separate electorates.
• Liberals: Accepted some recommendations but wanted more reforms.
• Princes: Interested in federation proposal but cautious about losing autonomy.
• Nationalists at large: Viewed it as another attempt to delay real self-government.
Simon Commission Recommendations
| Aspect | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Dyarchy | Abolish dyarchy; grant provincial autonomy |
| Governors | Retain special powers like veto, emergency powers |
| Franchise | Extend voting rights to more people |
| Communal Representation | Continue and expand separate electorates |
| Federal Assembly | Proposed with provinces and princely states |
| Central Government | No self-government; remain under British control |
Reactions to Simon Commission
| Group/Section | View |
|---|---|
| Congress | Rejected; demanded Dominion Status |
| Muslim League (Jinnah) | Criticized for not protecting Muslim rights enough |
| Muslim League (Shafi) | Welcomed due to continuation of separate electorates |
| Liberals | Partially accepted; wanted more reforms |
| Princes | Interested in federation but cautious |
| Nationalists | Viewed as delaying real self-rule |
Fun Facts
The Simon Commission protests saw Lala Lajpat Rai injured in a lathi charge at Lahore (1928), leading to his death.
This incident inspired Bhagat Singh and his associates to avenge Lajpat Rai by killing Saunders.
It was the first time the slogan 'Simon Go Back' became a nationwide cry.
Mains Key Points
The Simon Commission highlighted colonial disregard for Indian opinion by excluding Indians.
Its report was conservative, retaining British control while offering limited autonomy.
Different responses revealed divisions among Indian political groups (Congress vs. Muslim League factions).
The protests against the Commission radicalized politics, inspiring revolutionary activities and demands for complete independence.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Simon Commission appointed in 1927; no Indian member.
'Simon Go Back' slogan raised during protests.
Report (1930) → recommended provincial autonomy but retained communal electorates.
Congress rejected it; Muslim League divided.
Nehru Report (1928)
Key Point
The Nehru Report of 1928, drafted by Motilal Nehru, was the first Indian attempt at framing a constitutional scheme. It was prepared in response to the Simon Commission and represented a consensus among most Indian groups for Dominion Status. However, it failed to resolve the communal dilemma, leading to divisions between Hindus and Muslims.
The Nehru Report of 1928, drafted by Motilal Nehru, was the first Indian attempt at framing a constitutional scheme. It was prepared in response to the Simon Commission and represented a consensus among most Indian groups for Dominion Status. However, it failed to resolve the communal dilemma, leading to divisions between Hindus and Muslims.
Detailed Notes (22 points)
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Background:
• In response to Simon Commission (1927) which excluded Indians, an All Parties Conference was convened in 1928.
• A committee chaired by Motilal Nehru, with members like Jawaharlal Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru, and Subhas Bose, drafted the report.
• It was the first major attempt by Indians to draft a constitutional framework.
Recommendations of Nehru Report:
• India to be given Dominion Status within the British Commonwealth.
• Parliamentary system with bi-cameral legislature at the center.
• Fundamental Rights guaranteed, including equality before law, freedom of expression, right to form associations.
• Universal adult suffrage proposed (though implementation was gradual).
• Provincial autonomy to replace dyarchy.
• No separate communal electorates, except for Muslims in provinces where they were a minority.
• Protection of minorities through reservation of seats where necessary.
Communal Dilemma:
• Congress leaders supported joint electorates to promote national unity.
• Muslim League (Jinnah’s faction) opposed report; demanded separate electorates and weightage.
• Jinnah’s '14 Points' (1929) outlined Muslim demands after rejection of Nehru Report.
• Hindu Mahasabha supported report as it opposed separate electorates.
• Failure to reconcile communal differences deepened Hindu-Muslim divide.
Impact:
• Marked a milestone as India’s first indigenous constitutional draft.
• Its rejection by key communities, especially Muslims, highlighted limits of national consensus.
• Laid foundation for later constitutional debates.
Key Recommendations of Nehru Report (1928)
| Aspect | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Status | Dominion Status within British Commonwealth |
| Legislature | Bicameral parliament at center |
| Fundamental Rights | Guaranteed equality, freedom, association |
| Franchise | Universal adult suffrage (gradual) |
| Provinces | Provincial autonomy, end of dyarchy |
| Communal Representation | Joint electorates; limited exceptions for Muslims |
Reactions to Nehru Report and the Communal Dilemma
| Group/Section | Reaction |
|---|---|
| Congress | Supported; saw it as a common framework for Dominion Status |
| Muslim League (Jinnah) | Opposed; demanded separate electorates, weightage → led to 14 Points |
| Hindu Mahasabha | Supported; opposed separate electorates |
| Liberals | Welcomed; wanted Dominion Status quickly implemented |
| Nationalists | Mixed reaction; younger leaders like Jawaharlal wanted Complete Independence instead of Dominion Status |
Fun Facts
The committee drafting the Nehru Report met at the Nehru family residence in Allahabad, known as Anand Bhavan.
Jawaharlal Nehru opposed Dominion Status and demanded Complete Independence, marking the rise of younger radical leadership.
It was the first document in Indian history to guarantee a list of Fundamental Rights.
Mains Key Points
The Nehru Report marked India’s first attempt at framing a constitution by Indians themselves.
Its demand for Dominion Status reflected moderate consensus but alienated younger radicals who wanted Purna Swaraj.
Its rejection of separate electorates caused a rift with the Muslim League, leading to Jinnah’s 14 Points.
The communal dilemma exposed the challenges of forging a united nationalist front.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Nehru Report (1928) → Chaired by Motilal Nehru, first Indian constitutional draft.
Proposed Dominion Status, parliamentary system, fundamental rights.
Rejected separate electorates (except in limited cases).
Jinnah responded with 14 Points (1929).
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929)
Key Point
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points, presented in 1929, were a direct response to the Nehru Report (1928). They outlined the Muslim League’s demands to safeguard Muslim political rights. They became the basis of Muslim political strategy until the Pakistan Resolution (1940).
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points, presented in 1929, were a direct response to the Nehru Report (1928). They outlined the Muslim League’s demands to safeguard Muslim political rights. They became the basis of Muslim political strategy until the Pakistan Resolution (1940).
Detailed Notes (19 points)
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Background:
• Nehru Report rejected separate electorates, leading to Muslim League opposition.
• Jinnah, trying to unite various Muslim factions, drafted the 'Fourteen Points' (March 1929).
• These became the League’s constitutional demands in negotiations with Congress and the British.
Key Points:
1. Federal Constitution with residuary powers vested in provinces.
2. Provincial autonomy guaranteed.
3. No constitutional amendment without consent of states/units.
4. All legislatures and elected bodies to have adequate Muslim representation without reducing majority in Muslim-majority provinces.
5. Adequate Muslim representation in all central and provincial legislatures.
6. Separate electorates to continue.
7. Territorial redistribution not to affect Muslim majority provinces (Punjab, Bengal, NWFP).
8. Religious freedom for all communities.
9. No law to be passed if it affects a community’s religion without its consent.
10. Sindh to be separated from Bombay Presidency.
11. Reforms in NWFP and Baluchistan same as other provinces.
12. Adequate share for Muslims in services and government employment.
13. Constitution to provide protection of Muslim culture, education, language, and religion.
14. One-third representation for Muslims in Central Legislature.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929)
| No. | Demand |
|---|---|
| 1 | Federal constitution with provincial residuary powers |
| 2 | Provincial autonomy |
| 3 | No amendment without state consent |
| 4 | Adequate Muslim representation in legislatures |
| 5 | Muslim share in central/provincial legislatures |
| 6 | Separate electorates |
| 7 | No redrawing of provinces affecting Muslim majorities |
| 8 | Religious freedom |
| 9 | No law against a community’s religion without consent |
| 10 | Sindh separated from Bombay Presidency |
| 11 | Reforms in NWFP and Baluchistan |
| 12 | Adequate Muslim share in services |
| 13 | Protection of Muslim culture, education, language, religion |
| 14 | One-third Muslim representation in Central Legislature |
Fun Facts
The Fourteen Points became the 'charter of Muslim India' until the Lahore Resolution (1940).
Jinnah presented them to counterbalance the Nehru Report, strengthening his leadership in Muslim League.
They deepened the Hindu-Muslim divide in constitutional negotiations.
Mains Key Points
The Fourteen Points represented the Muslim League’s response to exclusion in Nehru Report.
They ensured continuity of separate electorates and Muslim safeguards.
They marked a shift from cooperation to confrontation between Congress and League.
They laid the groundwork for the later demand for Pakistan.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929) → response to Nehru Report.
Key demand: continuation of separate electorates.
Called for one-third Muslim representation at center.
Demanded Sindh’s separation from Bombay Presidency.
Civil Disobedience Movement: Significant Developments Before Launch
Key Point
Before the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), a series of developments shaped Indian politics: the failure of constitutional reforms, rejection of the Simon Commission, Nehru Report (1928) and its rejection by Muslim League, Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929), and the Lahore Congress Session declaring Purna Swaraj. These events created the political climate for Gandhi to launch the movement.
Before the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), a series of developments shaped Indian politics: the failure of constitutional reforms, rejection of the Simon Commission, Nehru Report (1928) and its rejection by Muslim League, Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929), and the Lahore Congress Session declaring Purna Swaraj. These events created the political climate for Gandhi to launch the movement.
Detailed Notes (22 points)
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Failure of Reforms:
• Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) and Government of India Act failed to satisfy national aspirations.
• Dyarchy at provincial level proved unworkable.
Simon Commission (1927):
• Appointed without Indian members → 'Simon Go Back' protests across India.
• Lala Lajpat Rai died after a lathi charge in Lahore (1928), inspiring revolutionaries.
Nehru Report (1928):
• Drafted by Motilal Nehru; demanded Dominion Status, parliamentary system, and fundamental rights.
• Rejected separate electorates (except limited Muslim safeguards).
• Congress accepted it but younger leaders (Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Bose) wanted Complete Independence.
Communal Dilemma and Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929):
• Muslim League rejected Nehru Report; Jinnah presented 14 Points demanding separate electorates, provincial autonomy, one-third Muslim representation at center.
• Widened Hindu–Muslim political divide.
Lahore Congress Session (December 1929):
• Presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Declared Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as the Congress goal.
• Decided to launch Civil Disobedience under Gandhi’s leadership.
• January 26, 1930 observed as 'Independence Day' with pledge-taking ceremonies nationwide.
Gandhi’s Preparations:
• Gandhi consulted Congress leaders and formulated a list of 11 demands (economic and political) to be presented to Lord Irwin.
• Demands included abolition of salt tax, reduction of land revenue, release of political prisoners, and protection of Indian industry.
• Failure of negotiations with Viceroy → Gandhi prepared to launch mass Civil Disobedience.
Developments Before Civil Disobedience Movement
| Year | Event | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| 1919 | Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms | Failed to satisfy nationalist aspirations |
| 1927 | Simon Commission appointed | Boycotted; protests across India |
| 1928 | Nehru Report drafted | First Indian constitutional draft; demanded Dominion Status |
| 1929 | Jinnah’s Fourteen Points | Muslim League rejection; deepened communal divide |
| 1929 | Lahore Session of Congress | Purna Swaraj declared; decision for Civil Disobedience |
| 1930 (Jan) | Independence Day observed | Nationwide pledge for complete independence |
Fun Facts
The Congress adopted the tricolour flag (with spinning wheel at center) as the national flag during the Lahore Session (1929).
26 January was observed as Independence Day from 1930 onwards until it became Republic Day in 1950.
Jawaharlal Nehru, just 40 years old, presided over the historic Lahore Session.
Mains Key Points
The Civil Disobedience Movement was preceded by disillusionment with reforms and unity against Simon Commission.
The Nehru Report and Jinnah’s 14 Points highlighted the communal dilemma, weakening national consensus.
The Lahore Session of Congress (1929) was a turning point with Purna Swaraj declaration.
These developments laid the foundation for Gandhi’s Salt March and nationwide Civil Disobedience in 1930.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Civil Disobedience Movement launched in 1930 after Gandhi’s 11 demands were rejected.
Lahore Session (1929) → Purna Swaraj declared.
January 26, 1930 observed as first Independence Day.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929) directly opposed Nehru Report.
Gandhi’s 11 Demands and the Salt March (1930)
Key Point
The Civil Disobedience Movement formally began with Gandhi’s 11 demands (January 1930) and the historic Salt March (March–April 1930). The demands covered economic relief, civil liberties, and social justice. When Viceroy Lord Irwin ignored them, Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha, making salt tax the symbol of colonial exploitation.
The Civil Disobedience Movement formally began with Gandhi’s 11 demands (January 1930) and the historic Salt March (March–April 1930). The demands covered economic relief, civil liberties, and social justice. When Viceroy Lord Irwin ignored them, Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha, making salt tax the symbol of colonial exploitation.
Detailed Notes (22 points)
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Gandhi’s 11 Demands (January 1930):
1. Reduce expenditure on army and civil services.
2. Lower rupee-sterling exchange ratio.
3. Protect Indian textile industry from foreign competition.
4. Levy customs duty on foreign cloth.
5. Reduce land revenue by 50% and abolish zamindari system.
6. Abolish salt tax and government salt monopoly.
7. Reduce heavy military expenditure.
8. Release all political prisoners.
9. Accept postal, telegraph and railway reforms.
10. Introduce prohibition of liquor.
11. Reform currency and exchange system in favor of Indians.
Failure of Negotiations:
• Gandhi wrote to Viceroy Lord Irwin (31 January 1930) with the 11 demands.
• He gave an ultimatum of March 2, 1930 for acceptance.
• As demands were ignored, Congress authorized Gandhi to launch Civil Disobedience.
The Salt March (March–April 1930):
• Gandhi chose salt as the symbol of protest as it affected rich and poor alike.
• Started from Sabarmati Ashram (Ahmedabad) on March 12, 1930 with 78 followers.
• Walked about 240 miles in 24 days to reach Dandi on Gujarat coast.
• On April 6, 1930, Gandhi broke the salt law by making salt from sea water.
• Sparked mass civil disobedience across India—boycotts, refusal to pay taxes, defiance of forest and salt laws.
Gandhi’s 11 Demands
| No. | Demand |
|---|---|
| 1 | Reduce army & civil services expenditure |
| 2 | Change rupee-sterling ratio |
| 3 | Protect Indian textiles |
| 4 | Custom duty on foreign cloth |
| 5 | Reduce land revenue, abolish zamindari |
| 6 | Abolish salt tax and monopoly |
| 7 | Reduce military expenditure |
| 8 | Release political prisoners |
| 9 | Postal, telegraph, railway reforms |
| 10 | Liquor prohibition |
| 11 | Currency & exchange reforms |
Salt March (1930)
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Start | 12 March 1930, Sabarmati Ashram |
| Distance | 240 miles in 24 days |
| Followers | 78 satyagrahis initially |
| End | 6 April 1930, Gandhi broke salt law at Dandi |
| Impact | Sparked nationwide Civil Disobedience |
Fun Facts
The march gained worldwide attention, with The New York Times giving front-page coverage.
At each village, Gandhi addressed crowds, spreading awareness of swaraj.
The salt made at Dandi was auctioned publicly to defy British law.
Mains Key Points
The 11 demands reflected both economic grievances and political aspirations.
The Salt March converted elite political debates into a mass struggle.
Salt became a unifying symbol against British exploitation.
The march marked the true beginning of mass Civil Disobedience across India.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Civil Disobedience Movement launched with Salt March (1930).
Gandhi’s 11 demands included abolition of salt tax and release of political prisoners.
Salt chosen as symbol because it affected all classes.
March: 12 March–6 April 1930, Sabarmati to Dandi.
Why Gandhi Chose Salt & Spread of Salt Law Disobedience (1930)
Key Point
Salt was chosen by Gandhi as the symbol of Civil Disobedience because it was a universal necessity, affected rich and poor alike, and exposed the unjust nature of colonial taxation. After Gandhi’s Dandi March, the Salt Law disobedience spread rapidly across India, drawing in peasants, women, students, and workers into mass struggle.
Salt was chosen by Gandhi as the symbol of Civil Disobedience because it was a universal necessity, affected rich and poor alike, and exposed the unjust nature of colonial taxation. After Gandhi’s Dandi March, the Salt Law disobedience spread rapidly across India, drawing in peasants, women, students, and workers into mass struggle.
Detailed Notes (16 points)
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Why Salt was Chosen:
• Salt was a basic necessity of life, consumed by all classes of society.
• The British monopoly and heavy tax on salt hit the poorest hardest.
• It symbolized colonial exploitation in the most direct way.
• Salt law was easy to break → making and selling salt became a simple yet powerful act of defiance.
• Gandhi called salt tax 'the most inhuman poll tax on the poor'.
Spread of Salt Law Disobedience:
• After Gandhi broke the salt law at Dandi (6 April 1930), mass violations occurred across India.
• Coastal regions: People made salt illegally along coasts of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra, Orissa, and Bengal.
• Inland areas: People sold contraband salt and boycotted government salt.
• Leaders like C. Rajagopalachari led the Vedaranyam Salt March (Tamil Nadu).
• In Malabar, K. Kelappan led a Salt Satyagraha at Payyanur.
• In Assam, students and women participated in salt satyagrahas.
• Women played a leading role—Sarojini Naidu accompanied Gandhi and women volunteers openly sold contraband salt.
• Peasants and tribals defied forest laws linked with salt laws and refused to pay taxes.
• The Salt Satyagraha quickly turned into a nationwide mass movement against British authority.
Why Salt Became Symbol of Protest
| Reason | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Universal necessity | Consumed by all, rich and poor |
| British monopoly | Heavy salt tax hurt the poor most |
| Symbolic value | Showed everyday exploitation |
| Simplicity | Easy to make and break law |
| Emotional appeal | Linked to survival, resonated with masses |
Spread of Salt Law Disobedience
| Region | Leader/Action |
|---|---|
| Gujarat | Gandhi’s Dandi March (1930) |
| Tamil Nadu | C. Rajagopalachari’s Vedaranyam Salt March |
| Malabar (Kerala) | K. Kelappan’s Payyanur Satyagraha |
| Assam | Students and women led salt satyagrahas |
| Bengal & Orissa | Illegal salt manufacture and boycott of govt. salt |
Fun Facts
Foreign journalists widely covered the Salt March, making Gandhi a global icon of non-violent resistance.
In some regions, villagers made salt secretly at night to avoid police.
Women volunteers openly sold contraband salt in markets, defying colonial authority.
Mains Key Points
Salt was chosen as it was a universal necessity and symbolized everyday exploitation.
Its simplicity made participation accessible to masses, including women and peasants.
The spread of salt satyagraha across regions transformed local grievances into a national struggle.
Salt disobedience turned Civil Disobedience into a mass movement against colonial authority.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Salt chosen because it affected all classes and symbolized British exploitation.
Dandi March (1930) → triggered mass disobedience of salt laws across India.
C. Rajagopalachari led parallel salt march in Tamil Nadu.
K. Kelappan led salt satyagraha in Kerala.
Nationwide Participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34)
Key Point
The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) became a true mass movement with participation from peasants, women, students, workers, tribals, and merchants. Different regions witnessed diverse forms of struggle, making it the broadest-based nationalist movement before independence.
The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) became a true mass movement with participation from peasants, women, students, workers, tribals, and merchants. Different regions witnessed diverse forms of struggle, making it the broadest-based nationalist movement before independence.
Detailed Notes (26 points)
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Peasants:
• In Gujarat, Kheda and Bardoli peasants refused to pay land revenue.
• In U.P., peasants stopped paying taxes and boycotted government officials.
• In Andhra, forest satyagrahas and refusal to pay cesses were common.
Women:
• Large numbers of women came into public life for the first time.
• Sarojini Naidu, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Avantikabai Gokhale, and Perin Captain played leading roles.
• Women made salt, picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops, and courted arrest.
Students and Youth:
• Boycotted schools and colleges run by government.
• Joined mass processions, distributed nationalist literature.
• Many young people joined revolutionary groups inspired by the movement.
Workers:
• Industrial workers in Sholapur (Maharashtra) went on strikes and clashed with police.
• In Bengal, Assam, and Bombay, mill workers joined hartals and boycotts.
• Railway workers in Lahore and Karachi participated in strikes.
Merchants and Traders:
• Boycotted foreign cloth and goods.
• Set up indigenous stores and promoted swadeshi products.
• Contributed funds to Congress and local satyagrahas.
Tribal Groups:
• Tribals in Maharashtra, Central Provinces, and Bihar defied forest laws.
• Practiced collective salt making and withheld forest dues.
Extent of Participation:
• Movement spread to almost every province: Bengal, Punjab, U.P., Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam.
• Participation varied by region, but salt law disobedience and no-tax campaigns united the struggle.
Participation in Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34)
| Group | Form of Participation | Key Regions/Leaders |
|---|---|---|
| Peasants | No-tax campaigns, forest satyagraha | Gujarat (Bardoli), U.P., Andhra |
| Women | Salt making, picketing, arrests | Sarojini Naidu, Kamaladevi, Perin Captain |
| Students/Youth | Boycott of schools, processions | U.P., Bengal, Punjab |
| Workers | Strikes, hartals, clashes with police | Sholapur, Bombay, Bengal |
| Merchants/Traders | Boycott of foreign goods, swadeshi promotion | Bombay, Calcutta, Madras |
| Tribals | Defied forest laws, made salt | Maharashtra, Bihar, Central Provinces |
Fun Facts
In Sholapur, workers set up their own parallel administration briefly during the strikes.
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay tried to sell contraband salt at the Bombay Stock Exchange to mock British laws.
Schoolgirls in Bengal and Assam secretly distributed Congress literature to villagers.
Mains Key Points
Civil Disobedience transformed into a mass movement due to diverse participation from peasants, women, workers, and students.
The involvement of new social groups widened the nationalist base.
Women’s mass participation marked a turning point in freedom struggle.
Despite regional variations, salt law disobedience united Indians under a common symbol.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Women played a major role in Civil Disobedience (e.g., Sarojini Naidu at Dharasana Salt Works).
Sholapur workers’ strike (1930) was one of the most militant episodes.
Tribals and peasants linked local struggles (forest rights, tax refusal) with Civil Disobedience.
January 26 became Independence Day observance from 1930 onwards.
British Repression, Gandhi’s Arrest & Dharasana Salt Works (1930)
Key Point
After the Salt March, the British government responded with brutal repression. Gandhi was arrested in May 1930 before leading a raid on Dharasana Salt Works. His arrest triggered mass protests. The Dharasana Satyagraha, led by Abbas Tyabji and Sarojini Naidu, drew global attention due to its non-violent defiance and police brutality.
After the Salt March, the British government responded with brutal repression. Gandhi was arrested in May 1930 before leading a raid on Dharasana Salt Works. His arrest triggered mass protests. The Dharasana Satyagraha, led by Abbas Tyabji and Sarojini Naidu, drew global attention due to its non-violent defiance and police brutality.
Detailed Notes (19 points)
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British Repression:
• After Dandi March, mass arrests of Congress leaders and satyagrahis were carried out.
• Congress offices were raided, nationalist newspapers censored.
• Peaceful demonstrations were lathi-charged and fired upon.
Gandhi’s Arrest:
• Gandhi planned to raid the Dharasana Salt Works (Gujarat) in May 1930.
• On 5 May 1930, before the action, Gandhi was arrested by the British.
• This arrest triggered nationwide protests, hartals, and strikes.
Dharasana Salt Works Incident (May 1930):
• Leadership taken over by Abbas Tyabji (75-year-old veteran) → later arrested.
• Then Sarojini Naidu led thousands of satyagrahis to march towards Dharasana.
• Volunteers advanced in batches, were brutally beaten by police, but did not retaliate.
• Over 300 volunteers injured; many hospitalized.
• The event was reported internationally by American journalist Webb Miller, shocking world opinion.
• Dharasana Satyagraha exposed British brutality and highlighted India’s moral high ground.
Impact:
• Civil Disobedience gained massive sympathy worldwide.
• Strengthened the movement despite repression.
• Demonstrated power of non-violent resistance in shaming colonial rule.
Key Events: Gandhi’s Arrest and Dharasana Satyagraha
| Date | Event | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| 5 May 1930 | Gandhi arrested before Dharasana raid | Triggered mass protests |
| May 1930 | Abbas Tyabji arrested | Sarojini Naidu assumed leadership |
| May 1930 | Dharasana Salt Satyagraha | Brutal police repression exposed |
| June 1930 | Global reports by Webb Miller | International sympathy for India |
Fun Facts
Sarojini Naidu advised satyagrahis to 'smile and receive the blows' at Dharasana.
Webb Miller’s report was published in over 1000 newspapers worldwide.
The Dharasana incident influenced later non-violent movements, including Martin Luther King Jr.’s campaigns.
Mains Key Points
Gandhi’s arrest demonstrated British fear of mass mobilization.
Dharasana Satyagraha became iconic for showcasing non-violent resistance against brutal repression.
International media coverage gave the Indian struggle global legitimacy.
Despite repression, the movement spread further and consolidated mass participation.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Gandhi arrested on 5 May 1930 before Dharasana Salt Raid.
Dharasana Salt Works → led by Sarojini Naidu after Abbas Tyabji’s arrest.
American journalist Webb Miller’s reports exposed British brutality globally.
Over 300 satyagrahis injured, none retaliated.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) and First Round Table Conference
Key Point
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 1931) temporarily suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London. The First Round Table Conference (1930–31), held without Congress participation, discussed constitutional reforms but failed to achieve consensus.
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 1931) temporarily suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London. The First Round Table Conference (1930–31), held without Congress participation, discussed constitutional reforms but failed to achieve consensus.
Detailed Notes (22 points)
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First Round Table Conference (Nov 1930 – Jan 1931):
• Held in London at St. James Palace.
• Attended by 89 delegates → included Princes, British political leaders, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals, Anglo-Indians, Christians, Sikhs, depressed classes, etc.
• Congress boycotted the conference as Civil Disobedience was ongoing.
• Discussed federal constitution, minority safeguards, and communal representation.
• Outcome: No agreement reached due to absence of Congress and lack of consensus among groups.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 5, 1931):
• After prolonged negotiations, Viceroy Lord Irwin and Gandhi signed a pact.
Terms:
– Congress would suspend Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in Second Round Table Conference.
– Government agreed to release political prisoners (except those involved in violence).
– Right to make salt in coastal villages allowed.
– Confiscated properties of satyagrahis returned.
– Peaceful picketing of foreign cloth and liquor shops permitted.
• Significance:
– Seen as a political truce between Congress and British Government.
– Marked Gandhi’s first direct negotiation as equal with the British.
– Criticized by revolutionaries and leftists as a 'surrender pact'.
Impact:
• Congress agreed to attend Second Round Table Conference (1931).
• Many Congress leaders released from jail.
• However, repression resumed once Gandhi returned from London.
First Round Table Conference (1930–31)
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Venue | St. James Palace, London |
| Participants | Princes, minority groups, British leaders; no Congress |
| Main Issues | Federalism, minorities, communal representation |
| Outcome | Failed due to absence of Congress |
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
| Clause | Provision |
|---|---|
| 1 | Congress suspends Civil Disobedience |
| 2 | Political prisoners released (non-violent cases) |
| 3 | Right to make salt in coastal villages |
| 4 | Confiscated property of satyagrahis restored |
| 5 | Peaceful picketing of foreign cloth & liquor shops allowed |
Fun Facts
Gandhi and Irwin had eight personal meetings in Delhi before signing the pact.
Many British conservatives criticized Irwin for negotiating with Gandhi as an equal.
The pact was seen by some Indians as a betrayal, as Bhagat Singh was not released despite popular demand.
Mains Key Points
The First Round Table Conference failed due to absence of Congress, highlighting its central role in Indian politics.
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact symbolized a temporary truce, showing Gandhi’s pragmatism.
The pact gave legitimacy to Congress as the main voice of Indian nationalism.
Criticized for compromises, but strategically it allowed Gandhi to place India’s case before the world in London.
Prelims Strategy Tips
First Round Table Conference (1930–31) → Congress absent.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed on 5 March 1931.
Allowed making of salt by villagers, release of political prisoners.
Pact enabled Gandhi’s participation in Second Round Table Conference.
Second Round Table Conference (1931)
Key Point
The Second Round Table Conference (September–December 1931) was attended by Gandhi as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The conference failed due to irreconcilable differences over communal representation, federal structure, and minority safeguards.
The Second Round Table Conference (September–December 1931) was attended by Gandhi as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The conference failed due to irreconcilable differences over communal representation, federal structure, and minority safeguards.
Detailed Notes (14 points)
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Background:
• Convened in London between September–December 1931 at St. James Palace.
• Gandhi participated as the sole representative of Congress.
• Other participants included British leaders, Indian princes, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Sikhs, Christians, Anglo-Indians, and representatives of Depressed Classes.
Major Issues Discussed:
• Federal structure: debate on including princely states in a federation.
• Minority representation: Muslim League, Depressed Classes (Ambedkar), Sikhs, and others demanded separate electorates.
• Congress position: Gandhi opposed separate electorates, insisted on joint electorates with reserved seats if needed.
• Gandhi argued that Congress represented all Indians, while Ambedkar insisted on separate electorates for Depressed Classes.
Outcome:
• Conference ended in failure.
• No agreement on communal question and representation of minorities.
• British government used divisions among Indian groups to avoid major concessions.
• Gandhi returned disappointed and relaunched Civil Disobedience in early 1932.
Key Aspects of Second Round Table Conference
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Dates | September–December 1931 |
| Venue | St. James Palace, London |
| Congress Representation | M.K. Gandhi (sole representative) |
| Main Issues | Federal structure, minority safeguards, communal representation |
| Outcome | Failed due to communal disagreements; no settlement reached |
Fun Facts
Gandhi attended the London Conference dressed in his simple dhoti, shawl, and sandals, shocking British elites.
Winston Churchill mocked Gandhi as a 'half-naked fakir'.
Ambedkar’s strong advocacy for Depressed Classes at the conference shaped later debates leading to the Poona Pact (1932).
Mains Key Points
The failure of the Second Round Table Conference highlighted irreconcilable differences over minority representation.
British strategy of 'divide and rule' succeeded in exploiting communal divisions.
The Gandhi–Ambedkar clash over separate electorates foreshadowed the Poona Pact (1932).
The failure pushed Gandhi to resume mass Civil Disobedience in 1932.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Second Round Table Conference (1931) → Gandhi attended as sole Congress representative.
Main clash: Gandhi vs. Ambedkar over separate electorates for Depressed Classes.
Conference failed due to disagreements over minority representation.
Result: Gandhi relaunched Civil Disobedience in 1932.
Communal Award (1932) and Poona Pact (1932)
Key Point
The Communal Award (1932) by British PM Ramsay MacDonald granted separate electorates to minorities, including Depressed Classes. Gandhi opposed this, fearing further division of Hindu society, and began a fast unto death in Yerwada Jail. Under pressure, Ambedkar and Gandhi signed the Poona Pact (1932), replacing separate electorates with reserved seats for Depressed Classes in joint electorates.
The Communal Award (1932) by British PM Ramsay MacDonald granted separate electorates to minorities, including Depressed Classes. Gandhi opposed this, fearing further division of Hindu society, and began a fast unto death in Yerwada Jail. Under pressure, Ambedkar and Gandhi signed the Poona Pact (1932), replacing separate electorates with reserved seats for Depressed Classes in joint electorates.
Detailed Notes (21 points)
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Communal Award (August 1932):
• Announced by British PM Ramsay MacDonald.
• Extended separate electorates to Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans, and Depressed Classes.
• For Depressed Classes (later called Scheduled Castes), it meant they would elect their own representatives separately.
• Justification: safeguard political rights of minorities and oppressed communities.
• Congress opposed it, fearing it would fragment Indian society further.
Gandhi’s Response:
• Gandhi, in Yerwada Jail, opposed separate electorates for Depressed Classes.
• He argued it would permanently divide Hindu society.
• On 20 September 1932, Gandhi began a fast unto death against the Communal Award.
Poona Pact (24 September 1932):
• Signed between B.R. Ambedkar (Depressed Classes leader) and Gandhi (on behalf of Congress).
• Terms:
– Separate electorates for Depressed Classes replaced by reserved seats in joint electorates.
– Number of reserved seats for Depressed Classes in provincial legislatures increased from 71 (in Award) to 148.
– Adequate representation in public services promised.
– Special educational grants for Depressed Classes provided.
Significance:
• A compromise between protection of Dalit interests and Hindu unity.
• Strengthened Gandhi’s moral authority but caused resentment among some Dalit leaders.
• Marked the beginning of affirmative action policies for Scheduled Castes.
Comparison: Communal Award vs. Poona Pact
| Aspect | Communal Award (1932) | Poona Pact (1932) |
|---|---|---|
| Representation for Depressed Classes | Separate electorates | Reserved seats in joint electorates |
| Seats in Provincial Legislatures | 71 | 148 |
| Role of Gandhi | Opposed Award; fasted in protest | Signed Pact with Ambedkar |
| Dalit Concerns | Independent voice but isolation from Hindu society | Greater representation but under joint system |
| Significance | Furthered communal divisions | Compromise between Dalit rights and Hindu unity |
Fun Facts
Gandhi’s fast against the Communal Award generated massive public support across India.
Ambedkar initially resisted but agreed under social pressure and political calculations.
The Pact laid the foundation for future reservation policies in India.
Mains Key Points
The Communal Award deepened communal divisions by extending separate electorates.
Gandhi’s fast highlighted his moral authority but also exposed tensions with Dalit leadership.
The Poona Pact balanced Hindu unity with political safeguards for Depressed Classes.
It laid the groundwork for affirmative action policies in independent India.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Communal Award (1932) → announced by Ramsay MacDonald; gave separate electorates to Depressed Classes.
Gandhi opposed it and began a fast unto death in Yerwada Jail.
Poona Pact (1932) signed between Gandhi & Ambedkar; replaced separate electorates with reserved seats.
Reserved seats for Depressed Classes increased from 71 to 148.
Third Round Table Conference (1932) and Outcome
Key Point
The Third Round Table Conference (November–December 1932) was held in London with limited Indian participation. The Congress boycotted it as the Civil Disobedience Movement had been revived. The conference failed to achieve consensus but its proceedings paved the way for the Government of India Act, 1935.
The Third Round Table Conference (November–December 1932) was held in London with limited Indian participation. The Congress boycotted it as the Civil Disobedience Movement had been revived. The conference failed to achieve consensus but its proceedings paved the way for the Government of India Act, 1935.
Detailed Notes (17 points)
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Background:
• Convened in London in November–December 1932.
• Aim: to finalize constitutional reforms for India.
Participation:
• Only 46 delegates attended.
• Indian National Congress boycotted the session.
• Attended mainly by loyalists: representatives of princely states, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Anglo-Indians, and depressed classes.
• British political parties (Labour, Conservative, Liberal) also participated.
Proceedings:
• Discussions centered on federal structure, provincial autonomy, and minority representation.
• Princes showed willingness to join federation under certain safeguards.
• No consensus due to absence of Congress and continued communal disagreements.
Outcome:
• Conference ended without concrete results.
• British government decided to unilaterally draft a constitutional framework.
• Led to the publication of a White Paper (1933) on constitutional reforms.
• Recommendations of all three Round Table Conferences ultimately incorporated into the Government of India Act, 1935.
Comparison of Three Round Table Conferences
| Conference | Year | Congress Role | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | 1930–31 | Boycotted | Failed due to absence of Congress |
| Second | 1931 | Gandhi attended as sole representative | Failed over communal representation |
| Third | 1932 | Boycotted | Led to White Paper → Government of India Act 1935 |
Fun Facts
The Third Round Table Conference was the least attended of the three.
Even British press considered it a failure due to absence of Congress.
It directly paved the way for the Government of India Act, 1935—the longest Act passed by British Parliament for India.
Mains Key Points
The Third Round Table Conference highlighted the futility of negotiations without Congress participation.
It showed the deepening communal divisions and fragmentation of Indian politics.
Despite failure, it led to the 1933 White Paper and the Government of India Act, 1935.
The conferences as a whole revealed British strategy of delaying real transfer of power.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Third Round Table Conference held in 1932 → Congress boycotted.
Only 46 delegates participated, mainly loyalists and minorities.
Outcome: White Paper (1933) → basis for Government of India Act, 1935.
Princes showed willingness to join federation with safeguards.
Government of India Act, 1935
Key Point
The Government of India Act, 1935 was the longest act passed by the British Parliament for India. It introduced provincial autonomy and proposed an all-India federation, but kept central powers firmly in British hands. Though a landmark in constitutional development, it was criticized for failing to grant real self-government.
The Government of India Act, 1935 was the longest act passed by the British Parliament for India. It introduced provincial autonomy and proposed an all-India federation, but kept central powers firmly in British hands. Though a landmark in constitutional development, it was criticized for failing to grant real self-government.
Detailed Notes (35 points)
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Background:
• Based on Simon Commission (1927), Round Table Conferences (1930–32), and White Paper (1933).
• Received royal assent on 24 July 1935; came into effect in 1937.
Key Features:
1. All-India Federation:
• Federation to include provinces and princely states (voluntary for states).
• Did not materialize as princes did not join.
2. Provincial Autonomy:
• Dyarchy at provincial level abolished.
• Provinces given autonomy with responsible governments (ministries responsible to legislatures).
• Governors retained special powers and discretionary authority.
3. Dyarchy at Centre:
• Introduced at central level → subjects divided into reserved (defense, foreign affairs) and transferred (others).
• Viceroy controlled reserved subjects.
4. Federal Legislature:
• Bicameral: Council of States & Federal Assembly.
• Separate electorates extended to depressed classes, women, labor, and business groups.
5. Federal Court:
• Established in 1937 at Delhi → precursor of Supreme Court of India.
6. Other Features:
• Burma separated from India.
• Sindh separated from Bombay.
• Orissa separated from Bihar.
• Reserve Bank of India established in 1935.
• Provincial legislatures enlarged; 10% of Indian population enfranchised.
Critical Evaluation:
• Positives:
– Provincial autonomy allowed Indian ministers to form governments (Congress formed ministries in 1937).
– Federal Court and RBI laid foundations of modern institutions.
• Negatives:
– Central government still dominated by Viceroy and British officials.
– Dyarchy at centre failed; federation never materialized.
– Separate electorates deepened communal divisions.
– Limited franchise excluded the majority of population.
– Seen as a strategy to divide and delay real independence.
Key Features of Government of India Act, 1935
| Feature | Provision |
|---|---|
| Provincial Autonomy | Dyarchy abolished in provinces, responsible government introduced |
| Central Dyarchy | Viceroy controlled defense & foreign affairs |
| Federation | Proposed with provinces + princely states, never implemented |
| Federal Court | Established in 1937, based in Delhi |
| Other Changes | Burma separated, RBI established, Sindh & Orissa created |
Fun Facts
It was the longest act ever passed by the British Parliament until then (321 sections, 10 schedules).
The act indirectly introduced federalism in India though federation never materialized.
The Reserve Bank of India started operations on 1 April 1935 under this Act.
Mains Key Points
The 1935 Act marked the most comprehensive attempt at constitutional reforms before independence.
It introduced provincial autonomy but kept real central power with the British.
Failure of federation and extension of separate electorates revealed British divide-and-rule policy.
It laid institutional foundations (RBI, Federal Court, provincial governments) later carried into independent India.
Prelims Strategy Tips
Government of India Act, 1935 → longest act passed by British Parliament for India.
Introduced provincial autonomy and proposed all-India federation.
Established Federal Court (1937) and Reserve Bank of India (1935).
Burma separated from India under this Act.
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