What UPSC asks most

Biology and health, biotechnology, space, IT and emerging technology, defence and nuclear technology, mostly linked to news.

Most-asked topics in past papers: Biology, Biotechnology, Space. See the trend

Traps to avoid

• Mixing up similar technologies or mission names.
• Statements that overstate what a technology does.

How to study it here

1. Read the basic science once, then follow the technology chapters through current affairs.
2. Note new missions, vaccines and technologies in the news with one line on how they work.

Mains: GS III: explain the technology simply, then its uses and concerns.