UPSC Prelims 2018 Question Paper (GS Paper I) with Answers

In 2017-18 the UN warned of famine in Yemen, where the civil war and the Saudi-led blockade left millions without food, and declared famine in parts of South Sudan, where civil war had displaced farmers and cut off aid. The other pairs of countries had no such famine.

'Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now' was launched in 2015 by the UNFCCC Secretariat to encourage individuals, companies and organisations to measure, reduce and offset their greenhouse-gas emissions and become climate neutral.

The scenario describes everyday objects, from the alarm clock and geyser to the refrigerator and car, fitted with sensors and connected to the internet so that they exchange data and act automatically. That is the Internet of Things (IoT). The other options are networking protocols and a secure-connection technology.

In the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 Gandhi took up the grievances of indigo cultivators against the planters' tinkathia system; it was the first time a peasant struggle was linked to the national movement and marked Gandhi's entry into Indian politics.

The Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake, shrank to a fraction of its size after Soviet projects diverted the Amu Darya and Syr Darya for cotton irrigation, leaving a salt desert. The Black Sea and Lake Baikal have not dried up. Hence 1 only.

Air India was nationalised in 1953; the Imperial Bank became the State Bank of India in 1955; the first elected communist government took office in Kerala in 1957; and Goa was liberated and joined India in 1961. The sequence is 3-2-1-4.

The Committee on Subordinate Legislation examines whether the powers to make rules, regulations, by-laws and other delegated legislation conferred by the Constitution or by Parliament are being properly exercised by the executive within the limits of the delegation.

The NFSA, 2013 covers up to 75 per cent of the rural and 50 per cent of the urban population as 'priority households', not only BPL families (statement 1 incorrect). The eldest woman of 18 or above is the head of the household for ration cards (statement 2 correct). Pregnant and lactating women get a maternity benefit and meals, not a 1,600-calorie take-home ration (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 2 only.

Hulled cereal grains, fresh eggs (including cooked eggs in shell) and newspapers, even those carrying advertisements, are exempt from GST. Processed and canned fish attracts GST at 12 per cent. Hence 1, 2 and 4.

The capital-output ratio measures how much capital is needed to produce a unit of output. If it is high, even large savings and capital formation add little to output, so a high-saving economy may not grow much. This was a concern with India's capital-intensive planning.

3D (additive) printing is used to print chocolates and confectionery, to build bionic ears and other implants, to make automotive parts and prototypes, to produce custom implants for reconstructive surgery, and even to fabricate components for data-processing hardware. Hence all five.

Under the RTE Act the minimum teacher qualifications are laid down by the National Council for Teacher Education, not state councils (statement 1 incorrect), and candidates must pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted under NCTE guidelines (statement 2 correct). More than 90 per cent of teacher-education institutions are private, not state-run (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 2 only.

The Charter Act of 1813 set aside one lakh rupees a year for education, the General Committee of Public Instruction (1823) administered it, and the Orientalist-Anglicist controversy was settled by Macaulay's Minute and Bentinck's resolution of 1835 in favour of English education. All three led to the introduction of English education. Hence 1, 2 and 3.

Tyagaraja created new ragas such as Kharaharapriya and Harikambhoji (statement 2), and Annamacharya's kirtanas praise Lord Venkateshwara of Tirupati (statement 4). Most of Tyagaraja's kritis are in praise of Rama, not Krishna (statement 1 incorrect), and Annamacharya (15th century) and Tyagaraja (18th-19th century) were not contemporaries (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 2 and 4.

General relativity predicts that gravity bends light (confirmed in the 1919 eclipse), that matter warps the space-time around it, and its equations imply a dynamic universe, the basis of the expanding-universe model confirmed by Hubble. All three are predictions of the theory.

PMKVY is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, not Labour (statement 1 incorrect). Besides technical skills it provides training in soft skills, entrepreneurship and financial and digital literacy (statement 2), and through Recognition of Prior Learning it aligns the skills of the unregulated workforce to the National Skills Qualification Framework (statement 3). Hence 2 and 3.

Human capital formation is the process of raising the knowledge, skills, health and capacities of people through education and training (statement 2), which is an accumulation of intangible wealth embodied in people (statement 4). It is not about individuals accumulating physical capital or tangible wealth. Hence 2 and 4.

Pakhui (Pakke) Wildlife Sanctuary and Tiger Reserve lies in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, on the Assam border, known for hornbills and its community-based hornbill nest adoption programme.

After the Santhal rebellion of 1855-56 the British created the separate district of Santhal Parganas with its own regulations, and later tenancy laws made the transfer of Santhal land to non-Santhals illegal. Both measures were taken. Hence both 1 and 2.

Plant pathogens travel on birds that carry spores and insects, on wind-blown dust and spores, in rain splash and water droplets, and on the wind itself. All four spread plant diseases.

The value of an MLA's vote in the presidential election depends on the state's population divided by its number of MLAs, so it varies from state to state (statement 1 correct). The vote value of every MP, whether of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha, is the same, calculated by dividing the total value of all MLAs' votes by the total number of elected MPs (statement 2 incorrect). Hence 1 only.

Digital India aims at digital infrastructure for every citizen, governance and services on demand and digital empowerment, including connecting villages through BharatNet and providing public Wi-Fi in schools, public places and tourist centres (statement 3). It does not aim to create Indian internet companies on the Chinese model or to attract foreign data centres (statements 1 and 2 incorrect). Hence 3 only.

The National Financial Switch, operated by the National Payments Corporation of India, connects all ATMs in the country so that a card of any bank can be used at any ATM. NPCI also runs UPI, RuPay and IMPS.

The CCEA announces MSPs for 22 crops plus sugarcane's fair and remunerative price: these include barley (rabi), ragi or finger millet, groundnut and sesamum (kharif). Areca nut, coffee and turmeric are not MSP crops. Hence 2, 4, 5 and 6.

Catalonia is a region of Spain seeking independence, and Mindanao is the southern island of the Philippines troubled by insurgency; pairs 1 and 3 are correct. Crimea is the peninsula annexed by Russia from Ukraine, not in Hungary, and Oromia is a region of Ethiopia, not Nigeria. Hence 1 and 3.

The 'sixth mass extinction' refers to the current, human-caused loss of species at a rate comparable to the five great extinctions of the geological past, driven by over-exploitation of resources, habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution and climate change. Option (d) describes it.

The NSSO's 70th round found that Rajasthan had the highest share of agricultural households among rural households (about 78 per cent) (statement 1), and that in Kerala over 60 per cent of agricultural households earned most of their income from non-agricultural sources (statement 3). OBCs made up about 45 per cent of agricultural households, not over 60 per cent (statement 2 incorrect). Hence 1 and 3.

By ratifying the Additional Protocol in 2014, India accepted expanded IAEA access to its civilian nuclear facilities, which are placed under safeguards under the 2008 India-specific safeguards agreement; the military programme stays outside. It does not confer NSG membership or NPT membership.

The Government of India Act, 1935 divided powers into federal, provincial and concurrent lists and vested the residuary powers in the Governor-General, who could allot a residuary subject to either the federal or a provincial legislature.

The Earth's magnetic field has reversed polarity many times, roughly every few hundred thousand years (statement 1), and early life, through photosynthesis, transformed the primitive atmosphere by releasing oxygen (statement 3). The early atmosphere had virtually no free oxygen, so statement 2 is incorrect. Hence 1 and 3.

Aadhaar's open APIs let any device or application call the UIDAI's authentication and e-KYC services, so Aadhaar can be integrated into any electronic device with a registered client, and authentication can use biometrics including iris scans as well as fingerprints and OTPs. Both statements are correct.

Warren Hastings founded the Calcutta Madrasa in 1781, so pair 2 is correct. The Benaras Sanskrit College was founded by Jonathan Duncan in 1791 (not William Jones), and Fort William College was set up in 1800 by Richard Wellesley, the Governor-General, not his brother Arthur. Hence 2 only.

'Bani Thani', the portrait of a lady with elongated eyes and sharp features painted by Nihal Chand in the 18th century, is the masterpiece of the Kishangarh school of Rajasthani painting, patronised by Raja Sawant Singh.

India manufactures very few silicon wafers; it imports most cells and wafers, mainly from China, so statement 1 is incorrect. Solar tariffs are discovered through competitive bidding or fixed by the electricity regulatory commissions, not by the Solar Energy Corporation of India, which is an implementing agency, so statement 2 is incorrect. Hence neither.

The capital adequacy ratio is the capital a bank must hold in relation to its risk-weighted assets as a cushion against losses, such as loans that borrowers fail to repay (statement 1). It is prescribed by the RBI under the Basel norms (9 per cent in India), not decided by each bank (statement 2 incorrect). Hence 1 only.

Maitreya is the future Buddha of Buddhist tradition, who waits in the Tushita heaven and will appear on earth to teach the dharma afresh. Avalokiteshvara, Lokeshvara and Padmapani are names of the bodhisattva of compassion.

Delhi lies at about 77.1 degrees E longitude. Bengaluru (77.6 degrees E) is almost on the same meridian, whereas Pune (73.9), Hyderabad (78.5) and Nagpur (79.1) are farther away in longitude.

The Aadhaar Act states that Aadhaar is proof of identity only and not of citizenship or domicile (statement 1 incorrect), and the UIDAI can deactivate or omit an Aadhaar number under its regulations, for instance for fraud or non-use (statement 2 incorrect). Hence neither.

Aleppo is in Syria and Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan, so pairs 1 and 4 are correct. Kirkuk and Mosul are both cities in Iraq, not Yemen or Palestine. Hence 1 and 4.

Under the Subsidiary Alliance, the Indian ruler paid for a British force stationed in his territory, kept out other Europeans (such as the French), and accepted British paramountcy. The Company gained an army at others' expense and political control, but the system was not designed to secure a fixed income for the Company; so (b) does not apply.

India imports more edible oil (about 14-15 million tonnes a year) than it produces (around 10 million tonnes), so statement 1 is correct. The government levies customs duty on imported edible oils and adjusts it to protect farmers, so statement 2 is incorrect. Hence 1 only.

In the Puttaswamy judgment (2017) the Supreme Court held that the right to privacy is an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and is also implicit in the other freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution.

The 'two-state solution' refers to the proposal to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by establishing an independent State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel.

The BHIM app lets a user send money to anyone with a UPI-linked bank account using a virtual payment address, mobile number or account details (statement 1). Statement 2 is incorrect: a chip-and-PIN card uses two factors (card and PIN), as does BHIM (device binding and UPI PIN), so the comparison of four versus two factors is wrong. Hence 1 only.

Blockchain is the distributed-ledger technology underlying cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, so pair 2 is correct. Belle II is a particle-physics experiment in Japan, not artificial intelligence, and CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing tool, not particle physics. Hence 2 only.

The Hind Mazdoor Sabha was founded in December 1948 by socialists and trade unionists who broke from the communist-led AITUC, including Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam, G.G. Mehta and Basawon Singh.

The N.K. Singh FRBM Review Committee (2017) recommended a general government debt-to-GDP ratio of 60 per cent by 2023, 40 per cent for the Centre and 20 per cent for the states (statement 1), and Article 293(3) requires a state to obtain the Centre's consent for borrowing if it owes the Centre any outstanding loan (statement 3). The Centre's liabilities are far higher than the states', so statement 2 is incorrect. Hence 1 and 3.

WannaCry and Petya were ransomware attacks of 2017 that encrypted computers worldwide, and EternalBlue is the Windows exploit, leaked from the NSA, that they used to spread. All three relate to cyberattacks.

Both bodies are statutory: the NGT under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 and the CPCB under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, so statement 1 is incorrect. The NGT delivers environmental justice and reduces the burden on the higher courts, while the CPCB works to keep streams and wells clean and improve air quality, so statement 2 is correct. Hence 2 only.

India enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 to comply with its obligations under the WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which requires members to protect geographical indications.

When President's Rule is imposed under Article 356, the President may declare that the powers of the state legislature shall be exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament (Article 357). The assembly may be suspended or dissolved but is not automatically dissolved, Article 19 is not suspended, and it is Parliament, not the President, that legislates for the state.

Barren Island in the Andaman Sea is the only active volcano in Indian territory (statement 1). It lies about 140 km north-east of Port Blair, not east of Great Nicobar (statement 2 incorrect), and after erupting in 1991 it has erupted repeatedly, including in 2017 and 2018 (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 1 only.

ASEAN has free-trade agreements with six dialogue partners: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand (the 'ASEAN+6', which negotiated RCEP). Canada and the USA are not ASEAN FTA partners. Hence 1, 3, 4 and 5.

Parliament can place a law in the Ninth Schedule through a constitutional amendment (statement 1). But in I.R. Coelho (2007) the Supreme Court held that laws added to the Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973 are open to judicial review if they violate the basic structure, so statement 2 is incorrect. Hence 1 only.

Members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group can trade in nuclear materials and the latest nuclear technology among themselves under agreed guidelines (statement 1). NSG membership does not make a country a party to the NPT, which is a separate treaty that India has not signed (statement 2 incorrect). Hence 1 only.

The Sthanakvasi are a sect of Svetambara Jainism founded in the 17th century; they reject idol worship and worship in sthanakas (halls) rather than temples. Terapanthis are a later offshoot.

The office of Leader of the Opposition was first recognised in the Lok Sabha in 1969 (statement 2). In the first Lok Sabha the largest opposition party was the CPI, not the Swatantra Party, which was founded only in 1959 (statement 1 incorrect), and the convention requires one-tenth of the House's strength (55 members), not 75 (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 2 only.

IRNSS (NavIC) has seven satellites, three in geostationary orbit and four in inclined geosynchronous orbit (statement 1). It covers India and about 1,500 km beyond its borders, not 5,500 sq km (statement 2 incorrect), and it is a regional system with no plan for global coverage by 2019 (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 1 only.

A good provided free by the government still has an opportunity cost, since the resources used could have produced something else; the cost is simply shifted from the consumers who would have paid for it to the taxpayers who finance the government's spending.

Liberty is not the absence of law but is secured by law: without laws there would be no protection against the strong, so there would be no liberty. More laws do not necessarily mean less liberty, and frequent changes or popular law-making are not the essence of the relationship.

Prosopis juliflora (vilayati babul), introduced from Central America, is an invasive tree that spreads aggressively in dry regions, depletes groundwater and crowds out native vegetation, reducing biodiversity; states such as Tamil Nadu and Gujarat have tried to eradicate it.

In 1920 the All India Home Rule League, then led by Gandhi after Tilak's death, changed its name to Swarajya Sabha, and it soon merged into the Congress.

Legal tender is money that a creditor is legally bound to accept in settlement of a debt. In India, coins and currency notes issued under the RBI Act are legal tender; cheques and drafts are not, since they can be refused.

Lala Lajpat Rai wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji and Shri Krishna, lived in the United States from 1914 to 1919 where he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America, and was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.

Under Article 179 the Speaker of a Legislative Assembly vacates office if he or she ceases to be a member of the Assembly (statement 1). When the Assembly is dissolved the Speaker continues in office until the new Assembly meets, so statement 2 is incorrect. Hence 1 only.

GPS satellites provide not only positioning but also precise time signals; mobile networks use GPS timing to synchronise cell towers, banks and stock exchanges use it to time-stamp transactions, and power grids use it to synchronise phasor measurements. All three areas use GPS.

Under Article 361 no criminal proceedings can be instituted or continued against the Governor during the term of office (statement 1), and under Article 158 the Governor's emoluments and allowances cannot be reduced during the term (statement 2). Both are correct.

British rule in the 19th century led to the commercialisation of Indian agriculture: peasants were pushed to grow cash crops such as cotton, jute, indigo, opium and tea for export and to pay cash revenue. Handicraft exports declined, Indian-owned factories were few, and urban population did not rise rapidly.

The Rule of Law Index, which rates countries on constraints on government power, absence of corruption, open government, fundamental rights, order and security, regulatory enforcement and justice, is published by the World Justice Project, an independent organisation.

PSLV is used mainly for earth-observation and remote-sensing satellites in polar sun-synchronous orbits, while GSLV is designed for heavier communication satellites in geostationary orbit (statement 1). PSLV-launched satellites in polar orbit move across the sky; only geostationary satellites appear fixed (statement 2 incorrect). GSLV Mk III is a three-stage vehicle with two solid boosters, a liquid core and a cryogenic upper stage (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 1 only.

In the mid-18th century the East India Company's exports from Bengal consisted chiefly of cotton textiles, raw silk and silk goods, saltpetre (for gunpowder) and opium, the trade that made Bengal the richest province for the Company.

Prolonged irrigation, especially with poor drainage, raises the water table and leaves salts in the root zone, salinising land as in parts of Punjab and Haryana (statement 3). Organic matter increases, not reduces, the water-holding capacity of soil (statement 1 incorrect), and soil micro-organisms play a central part in the sulphur cycle (statement 2 incorrect). Hence 3 only.

Dinabandhu Mitra's play Neel Darpan appeared in 1860, exposing the indigo planters' oppression. Satyendranath Tagore passed the ICS in 1863, Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875, and Bankim Chandra wrote Anandamath in 1882. Hence the earliest is (b).

The merger of the five associate banks and the Bharatiya Mahila Bank with the State Bank of India took effect in April 2017 (statement 2). Government capital infusion into public-sector banks has fluctuated from year to year rather than steadily increasing (statement 1 incorrect). Hence 2 only.

The Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture was launched at the UN Climate Summit in New York in September 2014, not Paris 2015 (statement 1 incorrect), and India was not among its founders and has not joined it (statement 3 incorrect). Membership is voluntary and creates no binding obligations (statement 2 correct). Hence 2 only.

The rule of law, as expounded by A.V. Dicey, means that government power is limited by law, that everyone is equal before the law, and that individual liberty and civil rights are secured by the ordinary law of the land. Responsibility of the people to the government is not part of it. Hence 1, 2 and 4.

Heavy sand mining strips the riverbed of the sand layer that stores and filters water, lowering the water table in the surrounding area and exposing groundwater to pollution. It does not decrease salinity; in coastal rivers it can allow seawater to intrude and raise salinity. Hence 2 and 3.

Under Article 110 a Money Bill deals with taxes, government borrowing and guarantees, custody of the Consolidated Fund and Contingency Fund, and appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India. Appropriation out of the Contingency Fund is not among the listed matters, so statement (c) is not correct.

Puthukkuli shawls are the embroidered shawls of the Toda people of the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu, so pair 1 is correct. Sujni embroidery belongs to Bihar (Bhusura, Muzaffarpur), not Maharashtra, and Uppada Jamdani saris are from Andhra Pradesh, not Karnataka. Hence 1 only.

The Buland Darwaza and the khanqah of Shaikh Salim Chishti at Fatehpur Sikri were built mainly of red sandstone (the saint's tomb is in white marble), so statement 1 is incorrect. The Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza at Lucknow were built of brick and lime plaster, not red sandstone and marble, so statement 2 is incorrect. Hence none.

The equalisation levy of 2016 was introduced through the Finance Act as a separate levy, not as part of the Income Tax Act, so statement 1 is incorrect. Because it is not an income tax, non-resident entities cannot claim credit for it under double taxation avoidance agreements, so statement 2 is incorrect. Hence none.

THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defence) is a US anti-ballistic-missile system that intercepts short- and medium-range missiles in their terminal phase; its deployment in South Korea in 2017 drew Chinese objections.

Wood's Despatch of 1854 recommended a grants-in-aid system to support private schools (statement 1) and the establishment of universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (statement 2). It favoured English for higher education but vernacular languages at the school level, not English at all levels (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 1 and 2.

The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 consolidated earlier laws and replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 (statement 1). The FSSAI is an autonomous statutory body under the Ministry of Health headed by its own chairperson and CEO, not under the Director General of Health Services (statement 2 incorrect). Hence 1 only.

The Partnership for Action on Green Economy was launched in 2013 in response to the outcome document of the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), 'The Future We Want', which called for support to countries moving to green economies.

APEDA under the Ministry of Commerce serves as the secretariat for the National Programme for Organic Production (statement 2), and Sikkim became India's first fully organic state in 2016 (statement 3). NPOP is run under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, not Rural Development (statement 1 incorrect). Hence 2 and 3.

Desert plants reduce water loss through transpiration with hard, waxy leaves that limit evaporation, tiny leaves with little surface area, and spines or thorns in place of leaves, as in cacti. All three modifications occur.

ILO Convention 138 sets the minimum age for admission to employment and Convention 182 calls for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour. India ratified both in 2017.

Coral reefs occur mostly in warm tropical waters (statement 1), and the 'coral triangle' countries of Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia hold over a third of the world's reefs (statement 2). Reefs harbour representatives of 32 of the 34 animal phyla, more than tropical rainforests (statement 3). All three are correct.

DMH-11 GM mustard carries the barnase-barstar genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which create male-sterile and restorer lines to enable cross-pollination and hybrid-seed production (statement 2). It is not pest-resistant (statement 1 incorrect), and it was developed by Delhi University's Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, not IARI and PAU (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 2 only.

Chapchar Kut is the spring festival of Mizoram and Khongjom Parba is a Manipuri ballad tradition sung to the dholak, so pairs 1 and 2 are correct. Thang-Ta is the martial art of Manipur, not a dance of Sikkim. Hence 1 and 2.

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, the French gem merchant who travelled to India six times in the 17th century, described the diamond mines of Golconda and Kollur in detail in his 'Six Voyages' and is said to have sold the Hope diamond.

The Forest Rights Act, 2006 defines 'critical wildlife habitat' (statement 1), and in 2016 the Baigas of Madhya Pradesh became the first community to receive habitat rights under the Act (statement 2). Habitat rights are recognised by the district-level committees and the state government under the Act, not declared by the Union Environment Ministry (statement 3 incorrect). Hence 1 and 2.

Economic development means not just growth of output but improvement in people's lives. If real GNP and per capita GNP rise while poverty and unemployment also increase, the growth has not translated into development.

Carbon fertilisation (the CO2 fertilisation effect) is the increase in plant growth and photosynthesis caused by higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which partly offsets climate change by absorbing more carbon.

The RBI manages the public debt of both the Centre and the states (statement 1 incorrect). Treasury bills are issued only by the Government of India; states issue dated securities but not T-bills (statement 2), and T-bills are zero-coupon instruments sold at a discount and redeemed at par (statement 3). Hence 2 and 3.

Rajasthan has iron-ore deposits in Jaipur and Udaipur districts (statement 3). State governments do auction non-coal mineral concessions under the MMDR Amendment Act, 2015 (statement 1 incorrect), and Andhra Pradesh (Ramagiri) and Jharkhand (Parasi) do have gold mines (statement 2 incorrect). Hence 3 only.

The merchant discount rate is the fee a merchant pays to the acquiring bank (shared with the card-issuing bank and the payment network) for accepting payments through debit or credit cards and digital modes; the RBI regulates its ceiling.

Conservation agriculture rests on three principles: minimum soil disturbance (minimum tillage), permanent soil cover using crop residues, and diversified crop rotations and sequences. It does not require avoiding plantation crops, and avoiding monoculture is covered by crop rotation rather than being a separate principle. Hence 2, 4 and 5.

Kodaikanal Lake in Tamil Nadu is a star-shaped artificial lake created in 1863 by Sir Vere Levinge, the Collector of Madurai. Kolleru, Nainital and Renuka are natural lakes.